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Contesting the Limits of Consultation in the Amazon Region: On Indigenous Peoples’ Demands for Free, Prior and Informed Consent in Bolivia and Peru

机译：争夺亚马逊地区的磋商限制：论土着人民对玻利维亚和秘鲁自由，事先和知情同意的要求

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While states have legal rights over more than 60% of the world’s forests, around one billion people inhabit and “manage” them often without proper legal recognition. Many countries are moving towards conferring legal rights over forested land to a broad range of private actors such as individuals or communities. However, and perhaps not surprisingly, two thirds of on-going violent conflicts involving rural communities are driven by contested claims over land and resources. In many Latin American countries, statutes and regulations on consultation have recently become strategic issues, even though these laws are suppose to comply with treaties and declarations signed by states some years or even decades before. Is it reasonable to claim that international approaches to indigenous rights, such as the ILO Convention 169 (1989) and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) have actually begun to influence domestic regulations in a comprehensive manner? In that sense, what is the concrete impact of these approaches in policy-making processes? Is the recognition of the right to consultation bringing improvement to environmental conditions in the jurisdictions concerned? These questions are hereby addressed by means of two case studies where laws on consultation had parliamentary approval and were promoted by State’s agencies, but were contested by indigenous peoples’ movements: the framing of the Peruvian National Law on Consultation (Law No. 29785) and the ad hoc Law on Consultation (Law No. 222) over a planned road through the Indigenous Territory and Isiboro-Sécure National Park, regarded as the basis for the Bolivian Law on Consultation.
机译：尽管州对世界上60％以上的森林拥有合法权利，但大约有10亿人在没有适当法律认可的情况下居住和“管理”它们。许多国家正在努力将林地的合法权利授予个人或社区等广泛的私人行为体。但是，也许并不奇怪，持续不断的涉及农村社区的暴力冲突中有三分之二是由对土地和资源的争执所致。在许多拉丁美洲国家中，协商法规已成为战略性问题，即使这些法律被认为符合几年或什至几十年前各国签署的条约和声明。是否可以合理地断言，诸如国际劳工组织第169号公约（1989年）和《联合国土著人民权利宣言》（2007年）等国际上对土著权利的处理方法实际上已开始全面影响国内法规？从这个意义上讲，这些方法在决策过程中的具体影响是什么？对协商权的承认是否使有关司法管辖区的环境条件得到改善？这些问题在此通过两个案例研究得到解决，其中有关咨询的法律已获得议会批准，并由国家机构推动，但遭到土著人民运动的质疑：秘鲁国家咨询法（第29785号法律）的制定和一条通过土著领土和伊西伯勒-塞库雷国家公园的规划道路特设的《咨询法》（第222号法律）被视为玻利维亚《咨询法》的基础。

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    Delgado-Pugley, Deborah;

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